Iyini Imayini Engaphansi Komhlaba?

Izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezimbiwa phansi zombili zimayelana nokukhipha insimbi. Nokho, ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba kuwukukhipha izinto ngaphansi komhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela kube yingozi kakhulu futhi kubiza. Kuphela uma kune-ore yezinga eliphezulu emithanjeni emincane noma emigodini ecebile, kusetshenziswa izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba. Insimbi yekhwalithi yezimayini ingakhokhela izindleko zokumba ngaphansi komhlaba. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba nazo zingasetshenziselwa ukumba ngaphansi kwamanzi. Namuhla, sizocwila kulesi sihloko futhi sifunde ngencazelo, izindlela, kanye nemishini yokusebenza kwezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba.

Iyini Imayini Engaphansi Komhlaba?

Izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba zisho izindlela ezihlukene zokumba ezisetshenziswa ngaphansi komhlaba ukuze kumbiwe amaminerali, njengamalahle, igolide, ithusi, idayimane, insimbi, njll. Ngenxa yesidingo sabathengi, ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba kuyimisebenzi evamile kakhulu. Isetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukene, njengezimayini zamalahle, izimayini zegolide, ukuhlola uphethiloli, izimayini zensimbi, nezinye eziningi.

Njengoba imisebenzi yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba ihlobene namaphrojekthi angaphansi komhlaba, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba siqonde izingozi ezingaba khona. Ngenhlanhla, ngokuthuthukiswa kwamasu okumba izimayini, izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ziba ngokuphepha futhi zibe lula. Imisebenzi eminingi ingenziwa ebusweni, ithuthukise ukuphepha.

Izindlela Zezimayini

Kunezindlela ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo zezimayini namasu ezinhlobo ezahlukene zamadiphozithi. Ngokuvamile, i-longwall ne-room-and-pillar isetshenziswa kumadiphozithi aphansi. Ukusika nokugcwaliswa, ukuqoshwa kwezinga eliphansi, ukuma kwe-blasthole, kanye nokuma kokuncipha kokufakwa kwediphozithi ekhuphukayo.

1. Longwall Mining

Imayini yaseLongwall iyindlela esebenza kahle kakhulu yezimayini. Okokuqala, umzimba we-ore uhlukaniswe waba amabhulokhi amaningana ngokukhukhula okuthile kokuthuthwa kwe-ore, ukungena komoya, kanye nokuxhumeka kwebhulokhi. I-crosscut drift iyi-longwall. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile, izisekelo ze-hydraulic ezihambayo zakhiwe emshinini wokusika, zinikeze i-canopy ephephile. Njengoba umshini wokusika usika insimbi ebusweni be-longwall, isihambisi se-armored esihamba njalo sihambisa izingcezu ze-ore ziyise ezindaweni ezikhukhulekayo, bese izingcezu zidluliselwa ngaphandle kwemayini. Le nqubo engenhla iqondene kakhulu namadwala athambile, njengamalahle, usawoti, njll. Kumatshe aqinile, njengegolide, siwasika ngokubhoboza nokuqhunyiswa.

2. Imayini yegumbi nezinsika

Igumbi-nensika iyindlela evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yezimayini, ikakhulukazi ezimayini zamalahle. Kubiza kancane kunezimayini ze-longwall. Kulolu hlelo lwezimayini, umthungo wamalahle umbiwa ngephethini yokuhlola, okushiya izinsika zamalahle ukusekela uphahla lomhubhe. Imigodi, noma amakamelo anobukhulu obungamafithi angu-20 kuya kwangu-30, ambiwa umshini obizwa ngokuthi umvukuzi oqhubekayo. Ngemva kokuba yonke idiphozi imbozwe ngamakamelo nezinsika, umvukuzi oqhubekayo uzobhoboza kancane kancane futhi asuse izinsika njengoba iphrojekthi iqhubeka.

3. Sika-futhi-ugcwalise Izimayini

Ukusika bese ugcwalisa kungenye yezindlela eziguquguqukayo kakhulu zokumbiwa phansi komhlaba. Ilungele amadiphozithi e-ore amancane, noma ukucwilisa amadiphozi ezinga eliphezulu ngedwala elibuthaka. Ngokuvamile, ukumba izimayini kuqala kusukela phansi kwe-ore block futhi kuqhubekele phezulu. Phakathi nenqubo yokumba, umvukuzi ubhoboza abese emba insimbi kuqala. Khona-ke, ngaphambi kokuba isikhala esingemuva sigcwaliswe ngemfucumfucu, sidinga ama-rock bolt ukuze asebenze njengesisekelo sophahla. Ukugcwalisa emuva kungasetshenziswa njengenkundla yokusebenza yezinga elilandelayo lokumba.

4. UBlasthole uyama

Ukuma kwe-blasthole kungasetshenziswa lapho insimbi netshe kunamandla, futhi idiphozithi ingumqansa (ngaphezu kuka-55%). I-Drift eqhutshwa ngaphansi kwe-mineral body inwetshelwa emgodini. Bese umba ukuphakama ekugcineni komkhombe uye ezingeni lokumba. Ukukhuphuka kuzobe sekuqhunyiswa endaweni eqondile, okufanele inwetshwe kububanzi bomzimba wamaminerali. Ezingeni lokubhoboza, ama-blasthole amaningana amade akhiwa ngosayizi wamasentimitha angu-4 kuya kwangu-6 ububanzi. Bese kulandela ukuqhunyiswa, kusukela ku-slot. Amaloli ezimayini ahlehla ehle endaweni yokumba futhi aqhumise izingcezu zensimbi, akhe igumbi elikhulu.

5. I-sublevel caving

I-Sublevel isho ileveli emaphakathi phakathi kwamaleveli amabili amakhulu. Indlela yezimayini ye-sublevel caving ilungele imizimba emikhulu ye-ore ene-dip ewumqansa kanye nomzimba wedwala lapho i-host host odongeni olulengayo izophuka ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo. Ngakho, okokusebenza kuhlale kubekwe ohlangothini lwe-footwall. Ukumba izimayini kuqala phezulu emzimbeni we-ore futhi kuqhubekele phansi. Lena indlela ekhiqiza kakhulu yezimayini ngoba yonke insimbi ihlukaniswa ibe yizicucu ezincane ngokuqhunyiswa. Umsingathi uyazamazama odongeni olulengayo lwemigede yomzimba wensimbi. Uma ukukhiqiza sekuqhutshwa futhi kwathuthukiswa, ukukhuphuka kokuvula kanye nokubhoboza imbobo ende kumaphethini wabalandeli kuyaqedwa. Kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukuchezuka kwembobo lapho kubholwa ngoba kuzothinta kokubili ukuhlukana kwensimbi eqhumile kanye nokugeleza kwe-rock body body. I-Rock ilayishwa kusukela ngaphambili emhumeni ngemva kwendandatho ngayinye eqhumile. Ukuze ulawule ukuhlanjululwa kwetshe lemfucuza emhumeni, ukulayisha iphesenti ledwala elinqunywe kusengaphambili liyenziwa. Ukugcina imigwaqo isesimweni esihle kubaluleke kakhulu uma ulayisha usuka ngaphambili emhumeni.

6. Ukuncipha kuyama

Ukumisa ukuncipha kungenye indlela yezimayini elungele ukucwiliswa komqansa. Iqala phansi futhi iqhubekele phezulu. Ophahleni lwesitobhi, kukhona ucezu lwetshe lensimbi eliphelele lapho simba khona ama-blasthole. I-30% kuya ku-40% yensimbi ephukile ithathwa phansi kwesitophu. Lapho ucezu lwensimbi ophahleni luqhunyiswa, insimbi esuka phansi iyashintshwa. Uma yonke insimbi isisusiwe esitobhini, singakwazi ukugcwalisa isitobhi emuva.

Imishini Yezimayini Engaphansi

Imishini idlala indima ebalulekile ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zemishini evame ukusetshenziswa ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba, okuhlanganisa abavukuzi abasebenza kanzima, amadoza amakhulu okumba, ama-excavators, amafosholo entambo kagesi, ama-motor graders, ama-wheel-tractor scrapers, nama-loaders.

U-Plato ukhiqiza ikhwalithi ephezuluizingcezu zezimayini zamalahleesetshenziswa emishinini yezimayini. Uma unezicelo, sicela ukhululekeXhumana nathiukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.