Yintoni Umgodi ongaphantsi komhlaba?

Ukwembiwa phantsi komhlaba kunye nokwembiwa komhlaba zombini zimalunga nokugrumba intsimbi ekrwada. Nangona kunjalo, umgodi ongaphantsi komhlaba kukukhupha izinto phantsi komhlaba, ngaloo ndlela unobungozi kwaye ubiza kakhulu. Kuphela xa kukho umgangatho ophezulu we-ore kwimithanjeni encinci okanye idiphozithi ecebileyo, imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba isetyenziswa. Intsimbi ekrwada esemgangathweni yemigodi inokuhlawulela iindleko zokumbiwa phantsi komhlaba. Ngaphandle koko, umgodi ongaphantsi komhlaba unokusetyenziselwa ukugrumba ngaphantsi kwamanzi. Namhlanje, siza kuntywila kwesi sihloko kwaye sifunde malunga nenkcazo, iindlela, kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza kwemigodi ephantsi komhlaba.

Yintoni Umgodi ongaphantsi komhlaba?

Ukumbiwa kwemigodi ngaphantsi komhlaba kuthetha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokumbiwa kwemigodi ezisetyenziswa ngaphantsi komhlaba ukomba izimbiwa, ezifana namalahle, igolide, ubhedu, idayimani, intsimbi, njl. Isetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo, afana nemigodi yamalahle, imigodi yegolide, ukuhlola i-petroleum, imigodi yesinyithi, kunye nezinye ezininzi.

Kuba imisebenzi yokomba ephantsi komhlaba inxulumene neeprojekthi eziphantsi komhlaba, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba siqonde iingozi ezinokubakho. Ngethamsanqa, ngophuhliso lweendlela zokumbiwa kwemigodi, ukumbiwa kwemigodi ngaphantsi komhlaba kuya kukhuseleka ngakumbi kwaye kulula. Uninzi lwemisebenzi lunokwenziwa phezu komhlaba, ukuphucula ukhuseleko.

Iindlela zemigodi

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezisisiseko zemigodi kunye nobuchule beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeediphozithi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-longwall kunye ne-room-and-pillar zisetyenziselwa i-flat-lying deposits. Ukusika-ukugcwalisa, ukukrolwa kwinqanaba elisezantsi, ukumisa i-blasthole, kunye nokuyeka ukushwabana zezediphozithi zokudipha.

1. Longwall Mining

Ukwembiwa kwe-Longwall yindlela esebenza ngokugqwesileyo. Okokuqala, umzimba we-ore wahlulwe waba ziibhloko ezininzi kunye nokukhukuliseka kokuthuthwa kwe-ore, ukungena komoya, kunye noqhagamshelo lwebhloko. I-crosscut drift yi-longwall. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo, iinkxaso ze-hydraulic ezihambayo zakhiwe kumatshini wokusika, ukubonelela nge-canopy ekhuselekileyo. Njengoko umatshini wokusika usika i-ore ukusuka kubuso be-longwall, umthumeli we-armored oqhubekayo uhambisa iziqwenga ze-ore kwi-drifts, emva koko izilayi zikhutshelwa ngaphandle komgodi. Le nkqubo ingasentla yenzelwe amatye athambileyo, afana namalahle, ityuwa, njl.

2. IGumbi-nentsika yeMigodi

I-Room-and-pillar yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa rhoqo kwimigodi, ingakumbi kwimigodi yamalahle. Ixabisa ngaphantsi kwe-longwall mining. Kule nkqubo yemigodi, i-coal seam ichithwa kwipatheni ye-checkerboard, ishiya iintsika zamalahle ukuxhasa uphahla lwetonela. Imingxuma, okanye amagumbi anobukhulu obuziimitha ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-30, agrunjwa ngomatshini obizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi-mgodini oqhubekayo. Emva kokuba yonke idiphozithi igutyungelwe ngamagumbi kunye neentsika, umgodi oqhubekayo uya kuqhuba ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye asuse iintsika njengoko iprojekthi iqhubeka.

3. Sika kwaye ugcwalise iMigodi

Ukusika kunye nokuzalisa yenye yezona ndlela ziguquguqukayo kwimigodi ephantsi komhlaba. Ilungele iidipozithi zentsimbi ezikrwada ngokwentelekiso, okanye ukudipha umnqantsa kwiidiphozithi zodidi oluphezulu kunye nelitye elibuthathaka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imigodi iqala ukusuka ezantsi kwibhloko ye-ore kwaye iqhubela phambili ukuya phezulu. Ebudeni benkqubo yokomba, umsebenzi-mgodini uyagrumba aze agrumbe kuqala. Ke, phambi kokuba isithuba esisemva sigcwaliswe ngasemva yinkunkuma, sifuna iibholiti zamatye ukuze zisebenze njengenkxaso yophahla. Ukuzaliswa ngasemva kungasetyenziselwa njengeqonga lokusebenza kwinqanaba elilandelayo lokumba.

4. Ukuma kweBlasthole

Ukumisa i-blasthole kungasetyenziswa xa intsimbi ekrwada kunye nelitye zomelele, kwaye idiphozithi ingumnqantsa (ngaphezu kwama-55%). I-drift eqhutywa ngasezantsi ye-mineral body yandiswa ibe ngumkhumbi. Emva koko, umba ukunyuka ekupheleni komkhombe ukuya kwinqanaba lokugaya. Ukunyuka kuya kuqhunyiswa kwi-slot ethe nkqo, ekufuneka yondiswe kububanzi bomzimba wezimbiwa. Kwinqanaba lokubhoboza, ii-blastholes ezininzi ezide zenziwe ngobungakanani be-4 ukuya kwi-6 intshi ububanzi. Emva koko kuza ukudubula, ukuqala kwi-slot. Iilori zemigodi zibuyela umva kwi-drift yokomba kwaye ziqhume izilayi zentsimbi, zenza igumbi elikhulu.

5. I-Sublevel caving

Inqanaba elisezantsi libhekisa kwinqanaba eliphakathi phakathi kwamanqanaba amabini aphambili. Indlela yokwembiwa kwemigodi ye-sublevel caving ilungele imizimba yentsimbi ekrwada enkulu enediphu engumnqantsa kunye nomzimba wamatye apho inginginya yelitye eludongeni olujingayo iyakwaphuka phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwayo. Ngoko ke, izixhobo zihlala zibekwe kwicala le-footwall. Ukwembiwa kwemigodi kuqala kumphezulu womzimba wentsimbi kwaye kuqhubela phambili ukuya ezantsi. Le yindlela yemigodi enemveliso kakhulu kuba yonke intsimbi ekrwada yophuka ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci ngokuqhushumba. Inginginya ilitye kudonga olujingayo lwemiqolomba yomzimba wentsimbi. Nje ukuba imveliso iqhutywe kwaye iphuculwe, ukunyuswa kokuvula kunye nokugrunjwa komngxuma omde kwiipateni zefeni kugqityiwe. Kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukutenxa emngxunyeni xa kusomba kuba kuyakuchaphazela ukuqhekeka kwentsimbi ekrwada eqhushumbayo kunye nokuhamba komzimba wamatye e-caving. Ilitye lilayishwa kumqolomba ongaphambili emva kweringi nganye eqhushumbayo. Ukulawula ukuhlanjululwa kwenkunkuma yamatye emqolombeni, ukulayisha ipesenti yokukhutshwa kwangaphambili kwelitye kuyenziwa. Ukugcina iindlela zigcinwe zikwimeko entle kubaluleke kakhulu xa ulayisha usuka phambi komqolomba.

6. Ukuyeka ukucutheka

Ukuyeka ukushwabana kuyenye indlela yokwembiwa kwemigodi elungele ukudipha. Iqala ukusuka ezantsi kwaye ihambela phezulu. Kwisilingi yesitophu, kukho isiqwenga sentsimbi ekrwada epheleleyo apho sigrumba i-blastholes. I-30% ukuya kwi-40% ye-ore ephukile ithathwa ukusuka ezantsi kwesitophu. Xa intsimbi ekrwada esesilingini iqhushumba, intsimbi ekrwada esezantsi iyatshintshwa. Nje ukuba intsimbi ekrwada isusiwe kwindawo yokumisa, singazalisa umva kwindawo yokumisa.

Izixhobo zoMbiwa phantsi komhlaba

Izixhobo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimigodi ephantsi komhlaba. Kukho iindidi ezininzi zezixhobo ezisoloko zisetyenziswa kwimigodi ephantsi komhlaba, kubandakanywa abasebenzi basezimayini abanzima, iidoza ezinkulu zemigodi, abembi bemigodi, iifotsholo zentambo zombane, iigreyidi zeemoto, izikrweqe zetrektara ezinamavili, kunye nezilayishi.

UPlato wenza umgangatho ophezuluiindawo zemigodi yamalahleesetyenziswa koomatshini bemigodi. Ukuba unazo naziphi na izicelo, nceda uzive ukhululekile ukuQhagamshelana nathingolwazi oluthe vetshe.